enderkevin13:
I want someone to explain to me this…
How are there more than just two genders?
How is it that gender is different from sex?
Why would you consider gender to be a social construct?
How is gender a spectrum?
Why do you feel the need to disassociate gender and sex when biologist have already proved that gender and sex are the same thing?
Personally speaking, I don’t understand why anyone would want to try and push gender identity shit down other people’s throats in the most radical way possible, but it’s fucking annoying as hell. To think that you know better than what biologist have studied for years makes me question your intelligence.
Here’s some food for thought people:
XX chromosomes = Female
XY chromosomes = Male
Penis = Male
Vagina = Female
Testosterone = Male
Estrogen + Progesterone = Female
Gender = Sex
Until you can come up with a reason as to why gender isn’t biological and why I’m a piece of shit for not believing your bullshit, then please stop trying to change around shit just because you hate to hear the opposing voice and accept the facts as they are.
This is an open response to those who believe in the multiple genders/gender spectrum bullshit.
oh boy, you’re in for a hell of a ride. and don’t worry, there will a TL;DR at the bottom of this post just in case you’re too lazy to read or are simply unwilling to have your ignorant worldview dismantled by actual concrete facts.
but first, let’s look into the social construction of the gender binary and gender itself.
the narrow-minded idea that there are only two genders has been continuously debunked by biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, and doctors alike, first of all. second, gender and sex aren’t necessarily the same thing, but they are both the same in the sense that they are both social constructs made to describe natural phenomenon, not actually based in any scientific reality. much like the concept of species; it’s a
model, and no model is an actuality—then it would not be a model, it would be a
fact.
simply
put, gender is only your sense of, and internal mental relationship to
masculinity, femininity, and androgyny, which can be expressed through words,
behavior, or clothes. in other words, it is simply an intimate and personal
sense of self in relation to gender, gender roles, and one’s physical body. it
does not actually have anything to do with biology—even less so than sex. reproductive
organs are not related whatsoever with gender. sure, it’s
typical for the majority of people to identify with a gender that’s associated
with their genitals, but that doesn’t mean it’s normal. the majority doesn’t outweigh the minority, and isn’t any more
significant than them. the majority of people are straight, but that
doesn’t mean gay people are abnormal, it means they’re less common. much is the
same with people whose gender does not match the gender they were assigned at
birth. suggesting your gender relies solely on your genitals is also very
harmful for people who are intersex.
ultimately, your gender is in your head and it is mutually exclusive from your
genitals or any other attribute of the physical body. there is truly no
scientific, biological, or medical basis for any sort of binary system of
gender, and in fact the gender binary completely contradicts the laws of
natural variation.
The Yogyakarta Principles on The Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity further elaborates on the definition of gender to be “each person’s deeply felt internal and individual experience
of gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth, including the personal
sense of the body (which may involve, if freely chosen, modification of bodily appearance or
function by medical, surgical or other means) and other expressions of gender, including dress,
speech and mannerisms.” the principle 3 of this document reads as follows: “A person of diverse sexual orientation and gender identities shall enjoy legal capacity in all aspects of life. Each person’s self-defined sexual orientation and gender identity is integral to their personality and is one of the most basic aspects of self-determination, dignity and freedom”.
citations from other works of
literature:
• Wendy Wood, “Gender: An Interdisciplinary Perspective” (2010)
– “Sociological
explanations, in turn, often fail to recognize that gender beliefs are
influenced by individual-level factors. For example, people differ in the
extent to which they hold gender identities, or personally identify with a sex
category. Although identities often reflect categories of male or female, they
also may include alternatives (e.g., intersex, transgender). The specific
content of gender identities can include communal or agentic personality
attributes, gender-typed interests and occupations, or gendered ways of
relating to others. Men and women act in gendered ways as
they regulate their behavior in line with a valued gender identity. Thus, people may do gender because it enhances
their self-esteem and positive feelings.” (p.g. 337)
•
Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (1990)
– “If gender is the
cultural meanings that the sexed body assumes, then a gender cannot be said to
follow from a sex in any one way. Taken to its logical limit, the sex/gender
distinction suggests a radical discontinuity between sexed bodies and
culturally constructed genders. Assuming for the moment the stability of binary
sex, it does not follow that the construction of ‘men’ will accrue exclusively
to the bodies of males or that ‘women’ will interpret only female bodies.
Further, even if the sexes appear to be unproblematically binary in their
morphology and constitution (which will become a question), there is no reason
to assume that genders ought also to remain as two. The presumption of a binary
gender system implicitly retains the belief in a mimetic relation of gender to
sex whereby gender mirrors sex or is otherwise restricted by it. When the
constructed status of gender is theorized as radically independent of sex,
gender itself becomes a free-floating artifice, with the consequence that man
and masculine might just as easily signify a female body as a male one, and
woman and feminine a male body as easily as a female one.” (p.g. 10)
• Gerald N. Callahan, Between XX and XY: Intersexuality and the Myth of Two Sexes (2009)
– “We understand that gender—the ways that society molds us into proper girls or boys, men or women—is complicated. Gender depends on lots of things—upbringing, culture,the stories fed to us by television and movies, hormones, and power struggles.” (p.g. x-xi)
– “…there is a naivete about the way we ignore the fact that some people don’t fit neatly into the either-or of gender. I believe that gender is rather a continuum than an either-or proposition.” (p.g. 108)
• Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (2000)
– “All of which brings me back to the five sexes. I
imagine a future in which our knowledge of the body has led to resistance
against medical surveillance, in which medical science has been placed at the
service of gender variability, and genders have multiplied beyond currently
fathomable limits. Suzanne Kessler suggests that ‘gender variability can… be
seen… in a new way—as an expansion of what is meant by male and female.’
Ultimately, perhaps, concepts of masculinity and femininity might overlap so
completely as to render the very notion of gender difference irrelevant.” (p.g.
101)
– “Given the
discrimination and violence faced by those whose cultural and physical genitals
don’t match, legal protections are needed during the transition to a
gender-diverse utopia. It would help to eliminate the ‘gender’ category from
licenses, passports, and the like. The transgender activist Leslie Feinberg
writes: ‘Sex categories should be removed from all basic identification
papers—from driver’s licenses to passports—and since the right of each person
to define their own sex is so basic, it should be eliminated from birth
certificates as well.’ Indeed, why are physical genitals necessary for identification?
Surely attributes both more visible (such as height, build, and eye color) and
less visible (fingerprints and DNA profiles) would be of greater use. Transgender
activists have written ‘An International Bill of Gender Rights’ that includes
(among ten gender rights) ‘the right to define gender identity, the right to
control and change one’s own body, the right to sexual expression and the right
to form committed, loving relationships and enter into marital contracts.’” (p.g. 111)
there are
no limitations on who you are, how you feel, or what identity you construct for
yourself, therefore people can and do construct more gender than the two traditional
ones, and all of them are valid. plus, the simple fact that some people don’t
identify as one of the two binary genders is proof that there are other
genders. if someone identifies are nonbinary, then nonbinary people exist. it’s
that simple. even if that’s just one person, it exists in society, ergo it is.
now this is a fun one; let’s move on to the social construction of “biological” sex.
even if gender was the exact same thing as sex, it still
would be neither binary nor a scientific absolute. in her novel Sexing the Body, Anne Fausto-Sterling explains that there are 5 specific measures of
“biological sex” according to modern medical science:
1. chromosomes (male: XY, female:
XX)
2. genitalia (male: penis, female vulva and vagina)
3. gonads (male: testes, female: ovaries)
4. hormones (male: high testosterone, low estrogen, low
progesterone; female: high estrogen, high progesterone, low testosterone)
5. secondary sex characteristics (male: large amounts of dark,
thick, coarse body hair, noticeable facial hair, low waist to hip ratio, no noticeable
breast development; female: fine, light colored body hair, no noticeable facial
hair, high waist to hip ratio, noticeable breast development)
in real life,
very few people actually match up with all five categories. estimates by the
intersex society of north america notes the frequency and prevalence of intersex conditions, and puts the total rate of human bodies that “differ from
standard male or female” at around one in 100, while anne fausto-sterling
estimates that 1.7% of the population do not fall within the usual sex
classifications. however, both of these estimations are somewhat outdated, so it could easily be a much higher percentage.
there are people out there with XY chromosomes, testes, a
vulva, a vagina, “female” secondary sex characteristics, and “male” hormone
patterns; people with XX chromosomes, testes, a penis, “male” secondary
characteristics and “female” hormone patterns, and there are even people with both “male” and “female” secondary sex characteristics or hormone patterns at the same
time, regardless of their genes, gonads, or genitalia. now, these people are technically intersex
assuming that the two sex system is absolutely true. however, in order for the
binary to even be considered real, every single person on earth must completely match up on
all 5 markers of sex all the time. that’s not what happens in real life. in
real life, literally tens, if not hundreds of MILLIONS of people have bodies that are contrary to the
biological concept of the two sex system.
let’s look further into Fausto-Sterling’s book and consider the case of the athlete maria patiño. patiño
has “female” genetalia, and she has
always considered herself to be female and was considered so by others.
however, she was discovered to have XY chromosomes and was barred from
competing in women’s sports. patiño’s genitalia were at odds with her
chromosomes and the latter were taken to determine her sex, and she successfully
fought to be recognized as a female athlete, arguing that her chromosomes alone
were not sufficient enough to not make her female. intersex people like
patiño illustrate that our understandings of sex differ and suggest that there
is no immediately obvious way to settle what sex amounts to purely biologically
or scientifically. deciding what sex is involves evaluative judgements that are
influenced by social factors.
the only thing in your body
that has a “biological sex” in any sense is your gametes, which some people
don’t even produce, which your body can easily stop producing, and which are a very
minuscule part of the rest of your body. the rest of your body, including your
genitals, has no “biological sex”.
citations from other works of literature:
•
Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the
Construction of Sexuality (2000)
– “Consider Angela Moreno’s more
recent tale. In 1985, when she was twelve years old, her clitoris grew to a
length of 1.5 inches. Having nothing to compare this to, she thought she was
normal. But her mother noticed and with alarm hauled her off to a doctor who
told her she had ovarian cancer and needed a hysterectomy. Her parents told her
that no matter what, she would still be their little girl. When she awoke from
surgery, however, her clitoris was gone. Not until she was twenty-three did she
find out she was XY and had had testes, not ovaries. She never had cancer. Today Moreno has become an ISNA activist and credits ISNA with helping her heal
psychologically from the damage done by lies and surgery.” (p.g.
84)
– “We stand now at a
fork in the road. To the right we can walk toward reaffirmation of the
naturalness of the number 2 and continue to develop new medical technology,
including gene ‘therapy’ and new prenatal interventions to ensure the birth of
only two sexes. To the left, we can hike up the hill of natural and cultural
variability. Traditionally, in European and American culture we have defined
two genders, each with a range of permissible behaviors; but things have begun
to change. There are househusbands and women fighter pilots. There are feminine
lesbians and gay men both buff and butch. [Transgender people] render the sex/gender divide virtually unintelligible.” (p.g. 101)
– “Because of their
loyalty to a two-gender system, some scientists resisted the implications of
new experiments that produced increasingly contradictory evidence about the
uniqueness of male and female hormones. Frank, for example, puzzling at his
ability to isolate female hormone from ‘the bodies of males whose masculine
characteristics and ability to impregnate females is unquestioned,’ finally
decided that the answer lay in contrary hormones found in the bile. Others
suggested that the finding of adrenal sex hormones could ‘save’ the hypothesis
of separate sex-hormonal spheres.” (p.g. 191)
– “But scientists are a
diverse lot, and not everyone responded to the new results by trying to fit
them into the dominant gender system. Parkes, for example, acknowledged the
finding of androgen and estrogen production by the adrenal glands as ‘a final
blow to any clear-cut idea of sexuality.’ Others wondered about the very
concept of sex. In a review of the 1932 edition of Sex and Internal Secretions, the British endocrinologist F. A. E. Crew
went even further, asking ‘Is sex imaginary?… It is the case,’ he wrote, ‘that
the philosophical basis of modern sex research has always been extraordinarily
poor, and it can be said that the American workers have done more than the rest
of us in destroying the faith in the existence of the very thing that we
attempt to analyze.’” (p.g. 191-192)
{
• Anne Fausto-Sterling,
“The Sex/Gender Perplex” (2000)
– “Deciding
whether to call a child a boy or a girl, then, employs social definitions of the
essential components of gender. Such definitions, as Suzanne Kessler observes, are
primarily cultural, rather than biological. Consider, as another example of this
claim, problems caused by introducing European and American medical approaches into
cultures with different systems of gender. For example, a group of physicians from
Saudi Arabia recently reported on several cases of XX intersex children with
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetically inherited malfunction of enzymes
which aid in making steroid hormones. Despite having two X chromosomes, some CAH
children are born with highly masculinized genitalia and are initially identified
as males.” (p.g. 643)
•
Judith Lorber, Believing is Seeing: Biology as Ideology; Gender and Society, Vol. 7, No. 4 (1993)
– “…bodies differ in
many ways physiologically, but they are completely transformed by social
practices to fit into the salient categories of a society, the most pervasive
of which are ‘female’ and ‘male’ and ‘women’ and ‘men.’” (p.g. 569)
• Lisa Adkins, Sex in Question: French Materialist Feminism (1996)
-“One of
the most important developments in early 1990s’ anglophone feminist theory is
seen to be the destabilisation of the apparent orthodoxy regarding the
relationship between sex and gender. It is no longer assumed that sex is a
‘natural’ or ‘biological’ category, with gender a social or cultural
construction somehow imposed on top of it. ‘Sex’ is increasingly recognised as
a sociohistorical product, rather than a fixed, transhistorical, or
taken-for-granted category.” (p.g. 15)
– “… that the division of society into two
sexes is the product, and not the cause, of oppression; that ‘sex’ is a
political category and there would be no ‘sex’ without oppression; and that
heterosexuality is of central importance in defining the sexes as natural,
different and complementary.” (p.g. 16)
•
Maria Lugones, “The Coloniality of Gender” (2008)
– “Despite [countless] anthropological and medical studies to the contrary,
society presumes an unambiguous binary sex paradigm in which all individuals
can be classified neatly as male or female.” (p.g. 6)
• Sarah Richardson, “Sexing the X: How the X Became the ‘Female Chromosome’” (2012)
– “…the human X
chromosome carries a large collection of male sperm genes.” (p.g. 909)
– “Currently, there is a
broad popular, scientific, and medical conception of the X chromosome as the
mediator of the differences between males and females, as the carrier of
female-specific traits, or otherwise as a substrate of femaleness… associations
between the X and femaleness are the accumulated product of contingent
historical and material processes and events, and they are inflected by beliefs
rooted in gender ideology.” (p.g. 927)
•
Gerald N. Callahan, Between XX and XY: Intersexuality and the Myth of Two Sexes (2009)
– “In truth, humans come in an amazing number of forms, because human development, including human sexual development, is not an either/or proposition. Instead, between “either” and “or” there is an entire spectrum of possibilities. Some people come into this world with a vagina and testes. Others begin their lives as girls but at puberty become boys. Though we’ve been told that Y chromosomes make boys, there are women in this world with Y chromosomes, and there are men without Y chromosomes. Beyond that, there are people who have only a single unpaired X chromosome. There are also people who are XXY, XXXY, or XXXXY…There are babies born with XYY, XXX, or any of a dozen or more other known variations involving X or Y chromosomes. We humans are a diverse lot.” (p.g. xi-xii)
– “Nondisjunction can happen with any chromosome, including the sex chromosomes X and Y. A single sperm or egg may end up with two, three, or more X chromosomes, and a single sperm may hold more than one Y chromosome. In truth, sperm and eggs come in variety packs. If that alone isn’t enough to derail the simple XX/XY, female/male idea, a mystery known as anaphase lag can also cause developing sperm or ova to lose an X or a Y chromosome along the way. And even after fertilization, sex chromosomes can be lost or gained. And even among men with the normal 46,XY karyotype, the size of the Y chromosome can vary. That means that my Y chromosome might be three times the size of Arnold Schwarzenegger’s Y chromosome. Here certainly, quantity matters; perhaps size does as well. The end product is a panoply of possible sexes by any definition, an array of human beings as grand and as varietal as the fragrances of flowers: 45,X; 47,XXX; 48,XXXX; 49,XXXXX; 47,XYY; 47,XXY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY; and 49,XXXYY.” (p.g. 62)
– “Intersex people are not a few freakish, unfortunate outliers. They are instead the most complete demonstration of our humanity… We, as a society, are very hard on people who don’t fit out preconceptions, especially our preconceptions about sex. What intersex people have shown us is the truth about all of us. There are infinite chemical and cellular pathways to becoming human. […] Sex isn’t a switch we can easily flip between two poles. Between those two imaginary poles lies an infinite number of possibilities.” (p.g. 163)
• Anonymous Author, “The Problematic Ideology of Natural Sex” (2016)
– “Around the world, over the past four or five hundred years,
people have been cajoled, threatened, forcibly re-educated, beaten, imprisoned,
locked in mental hospitals, put in the stocks, publicly humiliated, mutilated,
and burnt at the stake for violating one or more of the precepts of ‘Natural [Biological] Sex.’ That’s the sure sign of enforced ideology, not a true natural law…”
– “If we truly believe in science, in a rational world where we
look objectively at what is, rather than impose our beliefs onto reality, then
we need to reject the Ideology of Natural Sex. We need to see the reality of
the sex spectrum and stop framing intersexuality as a rare disorder that
somehow violates natural law. We need to understand that different societies
have divided the sex spectrum up into different numbers of social sexes, and
that binary sex is no more or less arbitrary than trinary or quartic sex
systems…”
• Courtney Adison, “Human Sex is Not Simply Male or Female. So What?” (2016)
– “It is no surprise,
then, that the sex binary is so firmly rooted in Euro-American thought, along
with many others (think body and mind, nature and culture). It underpins and
naturalises gendered divisions of labour through, for example, the notion of
women as the weaker sex. Language mirrors the distinction between male and
female, as in the way we talk about the sexes as ‘opposite’, and throughout
life we are encouraged to think in binary terms about this central aspect of
our existence.”
– “While these gendered
binaries play out in social life in reasonably clear ways, they also seep into
places conventionally seen as immune to bias. For example, they permeate sex
science. In her paper ‘The Egg and the Sperm’ (1991), the anthropologist Emily
Martin reported on the ‘scientific fairy tale’ of reproductive biology… scientific knowledge is produced in culturally patterned ways and, for
Euro-American scientists, gendered assumptions make up a large part of this
patterning.”
– “In Gender Trouble (1990), the feminist theorist Judith Butler argues that the insistence on sex as a natural category is itself evidence of its very unnaturalness. While the notion of gender as constructed (through interaction, socialisation and so on) was gaining some acceptance at this time, Butler’s point was that sex as well as gender was being culturally produced all along. It comes as no surprise to those familiar with Butler, Martin and the likes, that recent scientific findings suggest that sex is in fact non-binary. Attempts to cling to the binary view of sex now look like stubborn resistance to a changing paradigm. In her survey paper ‘Sex Redefined’ (2015) in Nature, Claire Ainsworth identified numerous cases supporting the biological claim that sex is far from binary, and is best seen as a spectrum. The most remarkable example was that of a 70-year-old father of four who went into the operating room for routine surgery only for his surgeon to discover that he had a womb.”
– “Looking to other
times and to other cultures, we are reminded that sex is to some degree
produced through the assumptions we make about each other and our bodies.
Modern science is moving towards consensus on sex as a spectrum rather than a
simple male/female binary, and it is time to start casting around for new ways
of thinking about this fundamental aspect of what we are. Historical and
anthropological studies provide a rich resource for re-imagining sex, reminding
us that the sex spectrum itself is rooted in Euro-Western views of the person
and body, and inviting critical engagement with our most basic biological
assumptions.”
• Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex (1992)
– “For quite different
reasons, Catharine MacKinnon argues explicitly that gender is the division of
men and women caused ‘by the social requirements of heterosexuality, which institutionalizes male sexual
dominance and female sexual submission’; sex-which comes to the same thing-is
social relations ‘organized so that men may dominate and women must submit.’
‘Science’, Ruth Bleier argues, mistakenly views ‘gender attributions as natural
categories for which biological explanations are appropriate and even necessary.’
Thus some of the so called sex differences in biological and sociological
research turn out to be gender differences after all, and the distinction
between nature and culture collapses as the former folds into the latter.”
(p.g. 13)
– “There are two
explanations for how the two modem sexes as we imagine them were, and continue
to be, invented: one is epistemological and the other is, broadly speaking,
political.” (p.g. 151)
• Asia Friedman, Blind to Sameness: Sexpectations and the
Social Construction of Male and Female Bodies (2013)
– “Thomas Laqueur argues
that in the past, specifically prior to the 19th Century, male and female
bodies were seen very differently than they are today. They were perceived as
more similar than different, and instead of two sexes, there were just two
variations of one sex. Laqueur further demonstrates that the shift in
perception to seeing the sexes as two categorically different things was not
the result of gaining more scientific knowledge, since many of the relevant
discoveries were actually made after the fact… So the question for Laqueur is,
if it was not due to advances in specific scientific knowledge of sex differences,
what was responsible for that shift from seeing one to seeing two sexes? And
his answer is essentially cultural change. He argues that sex or the body is
the epiphenomenon, while gender, what we would normally take to be the cultural
category, is what is primary. Marian Lowe makes a similar point when she argues
that ‘if race, sex, and class were not politically and economically significant
categories it is likely that no one would care very much about biological
differences between members of these groups. To pay attention to the study of
sex differences would be rather peculiar in a society where their political
importance was small.’” (p.g. 45-46)
– “Further, regarding chromosomes,
keep in mind that XX and XY are 50% the same, and the egg and the sperm
actually have the same sex chromosomes every time both contribute an “X” to
make a female. Sarah Richardson offers a much more scientifically precise
version of the same fundamental argument in her critique of recent accounts
claiming significant genetic variation between males and females. “Sex differences in the genome are
very, very small: of 20,000 to 30,000 genes, marked sex differences are evident
in perhaps half a dozen genes on the X and Y chromosome, and, it is
hypothesized, a smattering of differently expressed genes across the autosomes…
In DNA sequence and structure, sex differences are localized to the X and Y
chromosomes. Males and females share 99.9 percent sequence identity on the 22
autosome pairs and the X, and the handful of genes on the Y are highly specific
to male testes development. Thinking of males and females as having different
genomes exaggerates the amount of difference between them, giving the
impression that there are systematic and even law-like differences distributed
across the genomes of males and females, and playing into a traditional
gender-ideological view of sex differences.” (Richardson, Forthcoming: 8-9) The essential point is
this: Males and females are much more genetically similar than different.” (p.g. 206)
“biological sex” is just as biased,
unscientific, and subjective as the concept of gender is, and to base sex or gender on chromosomes or genitals or some other
arbitrary feature is to ignore and marginalize the truth. there are millions of
people who have different genitalia, lack them all together, or are intersex, people with differing karyotypes (i.e. XXY, XXX,
XYY, X, etc) or chimerism (a body where some cells are of one karyotype and
others are of another), and there are people with all kinds of genetic/epigenetic/biological conditions. these are all normal, natural
variations of the human body that aren’t inherently connected to each other. to
say sex or gender is defined by any of these features is erasive, intersexist,
transphobic, and entirely contrary to what actual biologists and geneticists
have been saying for decades.
just because you cannot handle your societally constructed worldview surrounding sex, gender, and genetics being smashed by sociology & biology itself doesn’t mean, additionally, that you have the right to make other people feel unsafe and uncomfortable just because you don’t like having your viewpoint being dismantled. don’t act as if you somehow know everything about sex and gender just because you took 10th grade biology and ate up some oversimplified explanations. the complexities of human behavior & the diversity of sex and reproduction in life can’t be completely covered in a simple high school biology class. shocker!
not to mention, the idea of a gender binary is a very, very recent concept solely rooted in colonialism and racism, not science.
in fact, the idea of third and nonbinary genders is as old as human civilization. (the list below is a very VERY brief history of nonbinarism):
§ 2000 BCE: in mesopotamian mythology, among the earliest written records, there are references to types of people who are neither men nor women. in a sumerian creation myth found on a stone tablet from the 2000 bce, the goddess ninmah fashions a being “with no male organ and no female organ”, for whom enki finds a position in society: “to stand before the king".
§ 1800 BCE: inscribed pottery shards from the middle kingdom of egypt, found near ancient thebes, list three human genders: tai (male), sḫt (“sekhet”) and hmt (female).
§ 385-380 BCE: aristophanes, a comic playwright, tells a story of creation in which “original human nature” includes a third sex. this sex “was a distinct kind, with a bodily shape and a name of its own, constituted by the union of the male and the female: but now only the word ‘androgynous’ is preserved.”
§ 77 BCE: genucius, a roman slave is denied inheritance on the grounds, according to art historian lynn roller, of being “neither a man nor a woman.” he is “not even allowed to plead his own case, lest the court be polluted by his obscene presence and corrupt voice.”
§ 1871: british administrators pass the criminal tribes act in india, effectively outlawing the country’s hijras—a community that includes intersex people, trans people, and even cross-dressers. celebrated in sacred indian texts, hijras had long been part of south asian cultures, but colonial authorities viewed them as violating the social order.
§ 1970: mexians in oaxaca state establish vela de las intrepidas (vigil of the intrepids), a festival celebrating ambiguous gender identities. the zapotec culture embraces a third-gender population called muxes. muxes trace back to pre-columbian times, when there were “cross-dressing aztec priests and mayan gods who were male and female at the same time”.
§ 2014: india’s supreme court recognizes the right of people, including hijras, to identify as third-gender. the court states, “it is the right of every human being to choose their gender.”
this binary gender system of ours is comparatively very new, and has been
forced upon the rest of the world by white europeans in destructive and
violent invasion, genocide, and complete appropriation and destruction of the original cultures
of each land. really, it is the binary system that is unnatural. multiple genders have always existed in this world. and despite the best attempt of european colonialists, they continue to exist today, indicating that it is part of human nature to not fit in a neat binary and instead have multiple genders.
even within the united states, multiple native american tribes have a system that includes up to six distinct gender categories.
multiple countries and cultures around the world have either three or more genders officially recognized, or no genders recognized at all (here’s a more interactive and informational map). plus, there are also many completely gender-neutral languages, where gendered pronouns and/or gendered categories don’t exist whatsoever.
citations from other works of literature:
•
Maria Lugones, “Heterosexualism and the Colonial /Modern Gender System” (2007)
– “Lugones introduces a systemic
understanding of gender constituted by colonial/modernity in terms of multiple
relations of power… gender itself is a colonial introduction, a violent
introduction consistently and contemporarily used to destroy peopks,
cosmologies, and communities as the building ground of the ‘civilized’ West.”
(p.g. 186)
– “As global, Eurocentered capitalism
was constituted through colonization, gender differentials were introduced
where there were none. Oyeronkk Oyewhmi has shown us that the oppressive gender
system that was imposed on Yoruba society did a lot more than transform the
organization of reproduction… many Native American tribes
were matriarchal, recognized more than two genders, recognized ‘third’
gendering and homosexuality positively, and understood gender in egalitarian
terms rather than in the terms of subordination that Eurocentered capitalism
imposed on them. Gunn’s work has enabled us to see that the scope of the gender
differentials was much more encompassing and it did not rest on biology.”
(p.g. 196)
•
Gerald N. Callahan, Between XX and XY: Intersexuality and the Myth of Two Sexes (2009)
– “Our history suggests that we haven’t always imagined that humans come in only two sexes, and that things far removed from what we might call facts have played major roles in determining our thoughts about sex. Even today, several human societies believe in more than two sexes.” (p.g. xi)
• Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction
of Sexuality (2000)
– “Were we in Europe and America to
move to a multiple sex and gender role system (as it seems we might be doing),
we would not be cultural pioneers. Several Native American cultures, for
example, define a third gender, which may include people whom we would label as
homosexual, transsexual, or intersexual but also people we would label as male
or female. Anthropologists have described other groups, such as the Hijras of
India, that contain individuals whom we in the West would label intersexes,
transsexuals, effeminate men, and eunuchs. As with the varied Native American
categories, the Hijras vary in their origins and gender characteristics.
Anthropologists debate about how to interpret Native American gender systems.
What is important, however, is that the existence of other systems suggests
that ours is not inevitable.” (p.g. 108-109)
• Phoenix Singer, “Colonialism, Two-Spirit Identity, and the Logics of White Supremacy”
– “Colonialism as practiced by Western
culture is used to erase traditional non-binary roles of gender orientation and
systems of sexuality, i.e. the Two-Spirit. Identifying as Two-Spirit becomes
not just a traditional way of expressing Indigenous beliefs of gender
orientation and sexuality but a political identity in resistance of
colonialism. Through the use of inherently violent, assimilative measures,
these traditions of the Two-Spirit in Indigenous societies are lost in many of
our communities and are replaced by the Western gender binary and spectrum of
sexual orientation. As this paper will show, this plays into the colonialist
logic of white supremacy and how it relates to the Indigenous body, colonizing
Two-Spirit identity.” (p.g. 1)
– “When Europeans came to Turtle
Island, much of their culture, their ideals, their beliefs and institutions
came with them through the continued centuries of settler-colonialism. Building
their own nation upon this land, they were able to more permanently construct
and impose their culture upon others. The Western colonization of the Americas
brought forth many institutions which sought to erase and displace Indigenous
cultural traditions and beliefs. Through the use of violence, forced
assimilation, demonization of Indigenous beliefs and then appropriation of
Indigenous culture, the subjugation of Native sexuality and gender roles have
continued unquestioned in the minds of the settler and of our own people. It
can be said and will be shown, that the Western binary is a system of
oppression and repression and is actively a form of institutional violence
against the Two-Spirit. This is all connected to the idea of white supremacy
and domination over Indigenous bodies and beliefs, of colonization of our very
selves. Thus an analysis of colonization and white supremacy is not complete
without an approach towards Two-Spirit identity in our own communities.” (p.g.
1-2)
– “Before
the colonization of this land, there were as many as six traditional gender
orientation roles among numerous tribes. However, due to boarding schools erasing
these traditions […] the Christianized related the existence of the Two-Spirit
as sin… The Western Gender Binary is thus superimposed upon all cultures and
their histories seen through the gaze of not only male dominance but a
male/female paradigm that does not account for the existence of third, fourth,
fifth and even more varieties of non-male/female expressions and identities. […]
The Western Gender Binary does not see the Two-Spirit, the Western Gender
Binary only sees a Man acting in ‘Unmanly’ ways or a Woman acting in
‘Unwomanly’ ways… The influence of Western culture on the erasure of Indigenous
“queer” and Two-Spirit peoples has created a system of sexual assault,
homophobia and transphobia used against our peoples, entangled with the history
of colonialism. As part of the settler mentality, we can see these actions as
colonial violence against the Two-Spirit and are also the results of genocide.
To reiterate previous statements, the Western gender binary is a form of
superimposed and universalized colonialism upon Indigenous bodies and minds.”
(p.g. 5-6)
• Anonymous Author, “The Problematic Ideology of Natural Sex” (2016)
– “…we have ignorance of the long and violent history of the imposition of the Ideology of Natural Sex under European colonialism. The genius behind framing an ideology as ‘natural’ is that its history erases itself. Why would anyone study the history of something natural and eternal? We don’t study the history of covalent bonds in chemistry or cumulus clouds in meteorology. And so we don’t study the spread of European binary sex ideology under colonialism. If you do, you’ll find that all over the world before European colonialism there were societies recognizing three, four, or more sexes and allowing people to move between them—but that’s a subject for another post. Suffice it to say that societies were violently restructured under European colonialism in many ways, and one of those was the stamping out of nonbinary gender categories and stigmatization of those occupying them as perverts.”
to say that nonbinary genders don’t exist would not only be scientifically incorrect and historically inaccurate, but it would be to say that the cultural traditions of these people are invalid, and only the white european standard of gender, which was forced onto indigenous people via genocide and forced assimilation, is “correct”. trying to enforce western concepts of gender on other cultures is an act of blatant racism and imperialism, and presumes that one group somehow knows more about the human condition, which is,
on all levels, factually as well as historically and ethnically wrong.
TL;DR:
neither gender nor biological sex is innate, binary, or a scientific reality in any way, shape, or form, and the vast majority of biologists, scientists, doctors, psychologists, historians and anthropologists have been debunking these ignorant claims for decades and proving that both of these concepts are socially constructed. since gender as completely subjective, nonbinary genders have existed since the dawn of human civilization, even dating back to mesopotamia, the VERY FIRST human society, at that. there are many countries today where there are officially more than two genders recognized, and there are multiple languages that are entirely gender-neutral. the gender binary itself is an entirely european theory based on a complete lack of understanding of science, and was only recently forced on the world via colonialism, violence, and genocide. saying that nonbinary genders aren’t real is an act of transphobia, racism, and imperialism, and is the same as saying that thousands of cultures around the world, millions of personal experiences, and entire societal structures throughout history are not real, which makes no sense. it is part of human nature and basic natural variation to not fit into oversimplified binary categories.
but you know, curse those special snowflakes, or whatever.
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