Aside from insects, the only other critters with fairly short lifespans that I can think of off the top of my head are rodents. Rats, mice, hamsters; all have an average life span of only a few years. With good care, they live longer than two years, but you could consider adopting a pair of mature rats or mice and letting them live their last couple years in luxury 🙂
If my followers have suggestions, ideas are welcome!
Annual killifish only live a year or so. Also, the eggs can be mail-ordered and hatched.
Fairy shrimp and triops only live a few months at a time, and lay eggs that can be re-hatched. You could raise multiple batches.